Applications of microbial toxins and virulence factors

We often categorize microbes as "good" or "bad." Good microbes, or our microbiota, live on and in our bodies, aiding our immune system, nutrition, and protection against harmful pathogens. Most microbes we encounter are either beneficial or neutral, but pathogens can sometimes invade, evade the immune system, and produce harmful toxins. The line between good and bad microbes is blurred, as our microbiota can cause harm if the immune system is weakened, and some pathogens can reside unnoticed. The outcome depends on both the microbe and the host. Interestingly, some pathogen toxins can be turned to beneficial uses.